the city of chicago has a latitude (42Â°n) within which part of the global circulation?

The anomalous temperature pattern was caused by large deviations from normal in the circulation. 1b) and the lowest minimum temperature of the year ( Fig. The deviations were more pronounced and farther south in other aspects that represent the severity of winter weather: the coldest day of the year ( Fig. This was balanced by above-average temperatures over the Arctic, Europe, and the North Pacific.

Temperatures were up to 5☌ lower than normal (1981–2010) in central North America and somewhat less anomalous in Turkmenistan and Iran.

We study the winter weather and cold extremes in these two regions statistically and investigate how this winter fits in with the climate model representation of global warming.įigure 1a shows the winter 2-m temperature (T2m) in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we analyze the cold extremes that were widely reported in North America and the lack of cold extremes in Western Europe. The winter of 2013–14 had unusual weather in many parts of the world. The absence of cold weather as observed in the Netherlands is a strong signal of a warming trend, as this would have been statistically extremely improbable in the 1950s. Severe cold outbreaks and cold winters, like the winter of 2013–14 in the Great Lakes area, are therefore not evidence against global warming: they will keep on occurring, even if they become less frequent. In both locations, cold extremes are more likely than equally large warm extremes in winter. The difference is due to the skewness of the temperature distribution. These results are representative of other stations in the regions. In the Netherlands, the opposite holds: the absence of any cold waves was highly unusual even now, and would have been extremely improbable halfway through the previous century. Only the whole winter temperature was unusual, with a return time larger than 25 years. The same holds for multiday cold periods. Around 1950 it would have been completely normal. This shows that the lowest minimum temperature of the winter was not very unusual in Chicago, even in the current warmer climate. We perform a statistical analysis of cold extremes at two representative stations in these areas: Chicago, Illinois, and De Bilt, the Netherlands. Here we analyze the cold extremes that were widely reported in North America and the lack of cold extremes in western Europe.

The city of chicago has a latitude (42Â°n) within which part of the global circulation?